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  • Think Complexity : Complexity Science and Computational Modeling
    Think Complexity : Complexity Science and Computational Modeling

    Complexity science uses computation to explore the physical and social sciences.In Think Complexity, you’ll use graphs, cellular automata, and agent-based models to study topics in physics, biology, and economics.Whether you’re an intermediate-level Python programmer or a student of computational modeling, you’ll delve into examples of complex systems through a series of worked examples, exercises, case studies, and easy-to-understand explanations.In this updated second edition, you will: Work with NumPy arrays and SciPy methods, including basic signal processing and Fast Fourier Transform Study abstract models of complex physical systems, including power laws, fractals and pink noise, and Turing machines Get Jupyter notebooks filled with starter code and solutions to help you re-implement and extend original experiments in complexity; and models of computation like Turmites, Turing machines, and cellular automata Explore the philosophy of science, including the nature of scientific laws, theory choice, and realism and instrumentalism Ideal as a text for a course on computational modeling in Python, Think Complexity also helps self-learners gain valuable experience with topics and ideas they might not encounter otherwise.

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  • Simplified Complexity
    Simplified Complexity

    Thanks to the growth of computational power and the development of new productiontechnologies, NURBS modeling has become the standard in many fields:Industrial Design, Architecture and, more recently, Engineering.Simplified Complexity is a method for learning NURBS modeling with Rhinoceros (R).Born as the synthesis of twenty years of professional experience and teaching,Simplified Complexity consists of a structured knowledge system allowing deepunderstanding of the software.With this method the user can take advantage of Rhinoceros (R) full modeling potential.The idea behind Simplified Complexity is that even if the software has a clear andintuitive interface, NURBS geometry remains quite complex.In order to become aprofessional user, it is necessary to start from basic geometry knowledge: this willallow to foresee and avoid complexity or, if this is not possible, at least reduce it andoptimize it.

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  • Ecological Complexity
    Ecological Complexity

    Complexity has received substantial attention from scientists and philosophers alike.There are numerous, often conflicting, accounts of how complexity should be defined and how it should be measured.Much less attention has been paid to the epistemic implications of complexity, especially in Ecology.How does the complex nature of ecological systems affect ecologists' ability to study them?This Element argues that ecological systems are complex in a rather special way: they are causally heterogeneous.Not only are they made up of many interacting parts, but their behaviour is variable across space or time.Causal heterogeneity is responsible for many of the epistemic difficulties that ecologists face, especially when making generalisations and predictions.Luckily, ecologists have the tools to overcome these difficulties, though these tools have historically been considered suspect by philosophers of science.The author presents an updated philosophical account with an optimistic outlook of the methods and status of ecological research.

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  • Simply Complexity : A Clear Guide to Complexity Theory
    Simply Complexity : A Clear Guide to Complexity Theory

    What do traffic jams, stock market crashes, and wars have in common?They are all explained using complexity, an unsolved puzzle that many researchers believe is the key to predicting – and ultimately solving—everything from terrorist attacks and pandemic viruses right down to rush hour traffic congestion. Complexity is considered by many to be the single most important scientific development since general relativity and it promises to make sense of no less than the very heart of the Universe.Using it, scientists can find order emerging from seemingly random interactions of all kinds, from something as simple as flipping coins through to more challenging problems such as the patterns in modern jazz, the growth of cancer tumours, and predicting shopping habits.

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  • Can complexity be objectively measured?

    Complexity can be objectively measured to some extent, especially in the context of information theory and algorithmic complexity. In information theory, complexity can be measured using metrics such as entropy and Kolmogorov complexity, which provide objective measures of the amount of information or computational resources required to describe a system. However, when it comes to measuring the complexity of real-world systems or phenomena, there is often a subjective element involved, as different observers may prioritize different aspects of complexity. Therefore, while certain aspects of complexity can be objectively measured, the overall assessment of complexity may still involve some degree of subjectivity.

  • What is the complexity of Mergesort?

    The time complexity of Mergesort is O(n log n) in the worst-case scenario, where n is the number of elements in the array. This complexity arises from the fact that Mergesort divides the array into halves recursively and then merges them back together in sorted order. The space complexity of Mergesort is O(n) due to the need for additional space to store the divided subarrays during the sorting process. Overall, Mergesort is an efficient sorting algorithm that performs well on large datasets.

  • How can one get rid of complexity?

    One can get rid of complexity by breaking down the problem or situation into smaller, more manageable parts. This can help to identify the root causes of the complexity and address them individually. Additionally, simplifying processes, communication, and decision-making can help reduce complexity. It is also important to prioritize and focus on the most important aspects, while letting go of unnecessary details. Finally, seeking input and collaboration from others can provide fresh perspectives and help to streamline complex situations.

  • What is the complexity of composing two functions?

    Composing two functions has a complexity of O(1), as it involves simply applying one function to the output of the other. The time complexity does not depend on the size of the input, as the functions are applied sequentially. Therefore, the complexity of composing two functions is constant and does not increase with the size of the input.

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  • Living with Complexity
    Living with Complexity

    Why we don't really want simplicity, and how we can learn to live with complexity. If only today's technology were simpler! It's the universal lament, but it's wrong. In this provocative and informative book, Don Norman writes that the complexity of our technology must mirror the complexity and richness of our lives.It's not complexity that's the problem, it's bad design.Bad design complicates things unnecessarily and confuses us.Good design can tame complexity. Norman gives us a crash course in the virtues of complexity.Designers have to produce things that tame complexity.But we too have to do our part: we have to take the time to learn the structure and practice the skills.This is how we mastered reading and writing, driving a car, and playing sports, and this is how we can master our complex tools.Complexity is good. Simplicity is misleading. The good life is complex, rich, and rewarding—but only if it is understandable, sensible, and meaningful.

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  • Computability and Complexity
    Computability and Complexity


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  • Complexity and Leadership
    Complexity and Leadership

    Leading organisations in our contemporary world means grappling with unpredictability, painful pressures and continual conflict, all in the context of an acceleration in the pace of change.We expect the impossible from heroic leaders and they rarely live up to expectations.With countless recommendations, self-help books and new concepts, scholars and management consultants often simplify and dream unrealistically.This book challenges the more orthodox discourse on leadership and presents a way of thinking about leadership that pays closer attention to experience. The contributors in this book, all senior managers or facilitators of leadership development, resist easy solutions, new typologies or unrealistic prescriptions.Writing about their experiences in Denmark, the UK, Israel, Ethiopia, South Africa and beyond, they are less concerned with traits that people can possess and learn, or magical promises of recipes for success, and more with the socio-political process of the interaction between people from which leadership emerges as a theme.We focus on understanding leadership as a practice within which communication, research, imagination and ethical judgements are continuously improvised.So rather than idealising leadership, or reducing it to soothing tools and techniques, we suggest how leaders might become more politically, emotionally and socially savvy.This book is written for academics and practitioners with an interest in the everyday challenges of both individual and group practices of formal and informal leaders in different types of organisations, and is an ideal resource for executives and students on leadership development programmes.We hope this volume will help readers to expand the wisdom found in their own experience and discover for themselves and for others, a greater sense of freedom.

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  • Complexity in Economics
    Complexity in Economics

    Neoclassical economics is heavily based on a formalistic method, primarily centred on mathematical deduction.Consequently, mainstream economists became overfocused on describing the states of an economy rather than understanding the processes driving these states.However, many phenomena arise from the intricate interactions among diverse elements, eluding explanation solely through micro-level rules.Such systems, characterised by emergent properties arising from interactions, are defined as complex.This Element delves into the complexity approach, portraying the economy as an evolving system undergoing structural changes over time.

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  • What are the Landau symbols for the time complexity?

    The Landau symbols for time complexity are commonly used to describe the upper and lower bounds of an algorithm's running time. The most commonly used Landau symbols for time complexity are O (big O) for upper bound, Ω (big omega) for lower bound, and Θ (big theta) for both upper and lower bounds. These symbols are used to express the growth rate of an algorithm's running time in terms of the input size. For example, if an algorithm has a time complexity of O(n^2), it means that the running time of the algorithm grows no faster than n^2 as the input size increases.

  • What are the Big O notations for time complexity?

    The Big O notations for time complexity are used to describe the upper bound on the growth rate of an algorithm's running time as the input size increases. Some common Big O notations include O(1) for constant time complexity, O(log n) for logarithmic time complexity, O(n) for linear time complexity, O(n^2) for quadratic time complexity, and O(2^n) for exponential time complexity. These notations help in analyzing and comparing the efficiency of different algorithms.

  • How do you determine the complexity of a function?

    The complexity of a function can be determined by analyzing its time and space requirements. This can be done by examining the number of operations the function performs and the amount of memory it uses. Additionally, the complexity can be influenced by the size of the input data and the efficiency of the algorithm used in the function. By considering these factors, one can determine the complexity of a function, which is often expressed using Big O notation.

  • What does the complexity class NP mean in computer science?

    In computer science, the complexity class NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) refers to a set of decision problems that can be verified in polynomial time. This means that given a potential solution to a problem, it can be efficiently checked to determine if it is correct. However, finding the solution itself may not be efficient, as it may require trying all possible solutions. NP problems are often associated with the concept of nondeterministic Turing machines, which can guess the correct solution and then verify it in polynomial time. The question of whether NP problems can be solved in polynomial time is one of the most important open problems in computer science, known as the P vs. NP problem.

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